خطة التخصص

Information Systems

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Course No رقم المساق Course Name اسم المساق Credit hours الساعات المعتمدة Course Description وصف المساق
4001 Arabic Language 3 This course covers a various number of linguistic issues in Arabic language. It aims to provide the student with a high level of skills and practices that would contribute to promote his language abilities either spoken or written.
4002 Islamic Culture 3 This course is designed to emphasize a group of principles and thoughts that affect human attitudes to life from an Islamic point of view. It stresses the direct relationship between man and Allah, and aims at improving this life by liberating the human m
4320 Modern History of Palestine 3 This course is designed to acquaint students with the process of writing, and the mechanisms of proofreading and revision so that the focus is on the mechanics of writing and development, such as cause and effect and comparison and classification and deal
8200 Effective English Language Use 3 This course is designed to acquaint students with the process of writing, and the mechanisms of proofreading and revision so that the focus is on the mechanics of writing and development, such as cause and effect and comparison and classification and deal
8239 Skills for Life 2 he transition from high school to university can be a challenge for many students. Learning expectations are different. The student must play a more effective role in the learning process and assume greater responsibility, and he must adapt to the new learning culture very quickly. This course is designed to assist the student in the transition process more easily and to increase and develop important life skills related to the student's personal behaviors, so that he is better prepared for his academic and professional career. This course focuses on self-awareness, personal growth, and building positive relationships with others. Through these skills, along with the desire and dedication to learn, and the desire to help others, a student can be successful at the university, able to make significant contributions to his family, employers, societies and the world at large
8991 Computer Skills 3
8992 Computer Skills LAB 1
8996 English A2 0 This course is designed to help minor university students with the beginner A1 and A2 levels improve their English Language proficiency in the four skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking) to reach the pre-intermediate level (B1) as benchmarked by the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). It places the students and their needs at the center of the learning process by ensuring that they encounter the most relevant and useful language at the right point in their learning. The English A2 course is rich in practical activities as it provides students with a wide variety of listening, speaking, and writing tasks that motivate them, address their language needs, develop their skills, and help them to become confident users of the English language. It also integrates students with using technology to serve their educational purposes, by means of Google Classroom and Cambridge One Learning Management System to watch purposeful educational videos and carry out online tasks and homework to increase their exposure to the language.
8997 English B1 3 This course is a continuation to course English A2. It is designed to help minor university students with the beginner A2 level improve their English Language proficiency in the four skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking) to reach the pre-intermediate level (B1) as benchmarked by the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). It places the students and their needs at the center of the learning process by ensuring that they encounter the most relevant and useful language at the right point in their learning. The English B1 course is rich in practical activities as it provides students with a wide variety of listening, speaking, and writing tasks that motivate them, address their language needs, develop their skills, and help them become confident users of the English language. It also integrates students with using technology to serve their educational purposes, by means of Google classroom and Cambridge One Learning Management System to watch purposeful educational videos and carry out online tasks and homework to increase their exposure to the language.
8999 Entrepreneurship 2 Its course is designed to help students consider becoming job innovators rather than just job seekers. It is an introduction to the practice of entrepreneurship and an opportunity for participants to consider their preparation for an entrepreneurial career and more advanced training in entrepreneurship. It covers the nature of entrepreneurship, different types of career opportunities, identifying local entrepreneurs, assessing entrepreneurial trends and identifying potential challenges and risks that entrepreneurs may face.

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Course No رقم المساق Course Name اسم المساق Credit hours الساعات المعتمدة Course Description وصف المساق
4308 Hebrew Language 3 Designed to study the basic Hebrew language skills. Students will learn listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills in Hebrew. The relation between Hebrew and other languages will also be high lighted.
4321 Development in the Arabic World 3 This course covers the following topics: the economy, social status and civil in the Arab world, the analysis of the situation of the Arab at the international level, the principles of development, the characteristics of Arab integration, the fundamental
4322 Contemporary Problems 3 This course discusses the fundamental problems humanity face. These problems affect people as individuals or groups in terms of the social economic, political or health aspects, and which, in turn, affect their happiness.
4323 French Language 3 Designed to study the language and culture of French speakers. Students will develop rudimentary listening, speaking, reading and writing skills in French, and will study cultural, geographical, and historical aspects of French and other French – speaking
4325 Spanish Language 3 Designed to study the language and culture of Spanish speakers. Students will develop rudimentary listening, speaking, reading and writing skills in Spanish, and will study cultural, geographical, and historical aspects of Spanish and other Spanish – spea
4326 German Language 3 Designed to study the language and culture of German speakers, Students will develop rudimentary listening, speaking, reading and writing skills in German, and will study cultural, geographical, and historical aspects of German and other German – speaking
4622 Democracy, Human Rights, & Human International Law 3 The course stresses the notion of democracy, its history with new applied samples in view of studying the Palestinian situation. It also emphasizes the notion of human rights and its history, in addition to the tools and mechanisms adapted to protect thes
4626 The History of Science in Arab & Islam 3 This course discusses the issue of science in Arab World before the spreading of Islam. Then it discusses the impact of Islam on science in general. The course contains several subjects, such as the science of Fiqh (Islamic law) and legislation Hadith (Pr
5440 Home Garden 3 This course includes the definition of home garden and its benefits, problems and objectives, design and choice of location in addition to its role in achieving food security for developing communities and building a strong family agricultural economy.
5456 Turkish Language 3 Study the basics and principles of the Turkish language, where the four language skills include reading, writing, speaking, and listening. To the level in which he is able to write correct sentences, express himself in simple words, and understand reading and listening at the level of a paragraph about things related to and surrounding him.
5975 Integrity Transparency and anti-corruption 3 The course deals with defining the concepts of integrity, transparency, and corruption, locally and globally, while showing the forms of corruption practice within the Palestinian society and its negative effects, as well as the causes that lead to it, whether political, social, economic, partisan, historical, or external and other factors. In addition to identifying ways to confront it in order to reach good governance, whether at the level of official governmental or private institutions.
8011 Palestinian prisoners movement 3 This course deals with the captive movement from multiple aspects, the most important of which is the cultural aspect. The development of the captive movement was divided into four stages, the first being the stage of cultural repression (1967-1972), the stage of struggle and rebellion (1972-1980), the stage of prosperity (1980-1991), and the stage of fluctuation 1992. The process of struggle development, the state of ups and downs in the struggle of the captive movement, and there is a stage of the criterion of resistance activity for the Palestinian people, the degree of revolutionary violence against the occupier and its reflection on prisons, and there is a stage of detention periods according to the cases of central prisons and the events and cases of progress and decline
8237 Psychology 3 The course deals with the principles of psychology, general psychological laws of human behavior, and the goals of psychology in terms of knowing the factors and variables that govern behavior, understanding it, predicting it and judging it by addressing the general topics of psychology

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Course No رقم المساق Course Name اسم المساق Credit hours الساعات المعتمدة Course Description وصف المساق
4015 Methods of Scientific Research 2
4247 Principles Of Micro-Economics 3
4502 Principles Of Accounting 1 3
4503 Intr. to Management 3
4541 Introduction to Information Systems 3 The course aims to introduce the student to information systems, their importance, and their role in the organization and business community. The course covers topics such as the concept of systems and their types, modern trends in information systems, an introduction to e-commerce and the global dimension of information systems, as well as problem-solving methods and decision-making.
4543 Principles of Marketing 3 This course aims to introduce the student to the fundamental concepts and modern trends in marketing. This course mainly focuses on studying how consumers behave, creating profitable marketing relationships, and analyzing the marketing environment. This is done through conducting marketing research and using information systems.
5029 Introduction to Statistics 3
8221 English for Business 3

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Course No رقم المساق Course Name اسم المساق Credit hours الساعات المعتمدة Course Description وصف المساق
4250 Finite Math 3 This course focuses on teaching the fundamental concepts in finite mathematics including linear algebra, matrices, linear programming, set theory, and probabilities. Students will learn how to solve linear equations, work with matrices and vectors, understand relationships between different sets. They will also be introduced to probability concepts, probability distributions and their applications in computer and information sciences. The purpose of this course is to equip students with essential mathematical skills that will enable them to understand and apply more advanced concepts and theories in their discipline.
4268 Strategic Mang. & Dec. Making 3 This course will introduce students to business strategy and the strategic management process. It seeks to enhance their understanding of the theories and practice of strategy. Students will be able to learn why, and how, companies make strategic decisions in the context today's complex and dynamic world of business. Students will be introduced to various strategic analysis frameworks and learn how these can be used to help organizations better understand their strategic position and formulate feasible and suitable growth and competitive strategies. Based on a sound understanding of the theories, students will be required to apply the concepts through the use of innovative strategic planning teaching and case study material
5064 Manag. Info. Sys. 3 Information systems (IS) are increasingly being used as strategic weapons for shaping business strategies and organizational processes. This course aims to provide students with the leadership skills to act as business managers and practitioners to effectively deliver, use, control and manage IS in contemporary organization. The emphasis of the course is on management information systems used to support organizational levels. In addition to using practical examples and cases that highlight the ways of evaluating the effectiveness of information systems, and to foster better understanding and cooperation between IT and business manager.
8772 Python Programming 4 This course provides an introduction to programming with Python language. Students are introduced to core programming concepts like data structures, conditions and boolean expressions, loops, variables and types, and functions. This course includes an overview of the various tools available for writing and running Python, and gets students coding quickly. It also provides hands-on coding exercises using commonly used data structures, writing custom functions, and reading and writing to files
8774 Systems Analysis and Design 3 This course introduces the various systems development methodologies and modeling tools with an emphasis on object-oriented systems development methods, while emphasizing analytical techniques to develop the correct definition of business problems and user requirements. Topics include systems development methodologies, object oriented systems basics, project management, requirements determination, Analysis and systems modeling (business process and functional modeling, structural modeling, behavioral modeling), design (data management, interface, architecture), Implementation, test, and deployment, as well as case study examples from different information systems.

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Course No رقم المساق Course Name اسم المساق Credit hours الساعات المعتمدة Course Description وصف المساق
5702 Information Systems Project Management 3 The course aims to provide students with an understanding ofThe course aim to provide students with an understanding of the concepts of project management and appropriate project management techniques in dealing with IS management. Topics include principles of project management; project management functions, project management processes, selecting an appropriate project management methodology, agile software development principles, and scrum. Emphasis is placed on understanding and gaining practical knowledge of key project management skills: integration management, scope management, time management, cost management, quality management, human resource management, communications management, and risk management. Emphasis is also placed on understanding the scrum process and decision criteria for choosing between planned and agile project management approaches. Students should also learn the tools, techniques, and processes to manage project performance along with moving from one phase to another until the closure of the project. In addition to practical cases that fosters students’ skills to act as an information systems project manager.
5726 Information Law & Policies 3 The economic, social, and political forces affect the production and use of information, and its legislation and policy. This course introduces students with key information laws and policies governing the production, use, transfer, and security of information. Particular attention given to issues of access, including copyright and other forms of legal protection for databases, licensing of information, consumer protection, liability for insecure systems and defective information, privacy, and national and international information policy
8750 Database Management & Programming 4 Data has emerged as the new oil that drives an organization: The successful operation of modern organizations relies on the effective use of their operational data. Database management systems (DBMS) are the engines of this data driven world. The use of data involves three aspects: (1) management (2) security and (3) analytics. We will study tools and techniques for managing data with database systems. At the highest level we will study two questions (1) how to use a database and (2) how to build a database. For more than three decades, the relational model has been the predominant model of data management. Most of this module will focus on the classic relational model. In the past several years, driven by evolving functional and non-functional (quality) needs of an organization, alternatives to the classic relational model have emerged. We will examine illustrative samples of these popular alternatives known as non-relational or NoSQL models
8751 Business Data Analytics 3 This academic course provides students with a comprehensive understanding of business data analytics and its application in modern organizations. Students will explore the use of data analytics techniques and tools to derive meaningful insights and make informed business decisions. The course covers topics such as data collection and preparation, data visualization, statistical analysis, predictive modeling, machine learning, and data-driven decision-making. Students will learn how to manipulate and analyze large datasets, identify patterns and trends, develop data-driven solutions, and effectively communicate their findings. The course emphasizes the practical application of business data analytics through hands-on exercises, case studies, and real-world projects. Ethical considerations related to data privacy, data quality, and responsible data usage will also be discussed. By the end of the course, students will have the skills and knowledge to leverage data analytics to drive business performance and gain a competitive advantage.
8752 Operating Systems & Computer Networks 3 This course covers all aspects of information technology infrastructure, as it is used in the organisation. IT infrastructure includes the design and development of suitable architectures or servers, physical and cloud services, capacity planning, and networking. The content covers the installation, configuration, maintenance, and management of all aspects of technology from the server through to the organisation's network.
8753 Web development- Front End 3 Students will understand the concepts of web application design and programming by learning the tools used to create client-side. Topics may include: Demonstrate an operational understanding of the protocols that enable the Internet. Create and analyze an algorithm for effectiveness and efficiency. Implement good documentation practices in programming. Demonstrate teamwork, interpersonal group skills, and team software development. Demonstrate skills in client-side (Front-end) web application development technologies including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and JavaScript libraries).
8754 Web development- Back End 3 After completing Web development- Front End, students will understand the concept of web application design and programming by learning tools used to create- server-side programs. A web site will be designed and implemented using current standards and best practices. This course includes: Demonstrate skills in server-side (back-end) web application development technologies using a back-end programming language (i.e., Node/Express, Python/Django, etc.). Create a functioning web application suitable for portfolio presentation including but not limited to skills shown using front-end, back-end, SQL, and current web development tools. Explain the different internet design patterns (i.e., MVC, MVVM, etc.) and ability to know advantages and disadvantages of each. Analyse and explain the different design layouts and pros and cons of each. Implement security measures for a website. Debug syntactical and logical errors. Explain the Internet Copyright laws.
8755 User interface design 3 Students will understand the concepts of user interface design principles by examining user experience (UX) and usability. Topics include design considerations such as: psychological and interaction principles, requirements analysis, designing for different screens, typography, symbols, color, graphics, and other visual language components. Students will learn to identify needs, experience, and capabilities of the system users along with understanding physical and mental limitations.
8756 IS management and strategy 3 IS Management competencies cover the capability to develop, maintain, and consistently improve the systems necessary to deliver the information necessary for an organization. The capability focuses on creating value for an organization and on the IS staff motivation, performance, and accountability. IS Strategy emphasizes the competency to create long-term plans for implementing and using organizational information systems to achieve strategic organizational goals and objectives. This area also covers monitoring and controlling organizational IS resources to ensure alignment with and achievement of strategies, goals, and objectives.
8757 Business Process Management 3 Process modeling is a foundational skill required to be able to implement a complete Business Process Management capability in an organisation. The competencies include being able to establish a sound theoretical basis of state-of-the-art theories in the field of Business Process Modelling (BPM) and to discover and practice the techniques and best practices in the field of BPM.
8758 IS Practicum 15 An applied synthesis of foundational courses related to exercising design and applying one or more media of construction to effect and implement an Information Systems artifact to suit client or organizational needs. Emphasis on the application of data management, application development, IT infrastructure, and IT Project Management. Students work in teams and apply a software/systems development paradigm toward the development of a system prototype to satisfy the intentions and needs of an organizational client. Client interaction, often best facilitated via the use of Agile software methods, must be sustained and ongoing such that emergence in design and development can be experienced.

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Course No رقم المساق Course Name اسم المساق Credit hours الساعات المعتمدة Course Description وصف المساق
4642 Introduction to E-Commerce 3 This academic course serves as an introduction to the field of electronic commerce (e-commerce) within a university setting. Students will explore the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications of e-commerce in the modern business landscape. The course will cover topics such as the historical development of e-commerce, online business models, e-commerce infrastructure, consumer behavior in online environments, electronic payment systems, legal and regulatory frameworks, security and privacy concerns, and emerging trends in e-commerce. Through lectures, case studies, group discussions, and hands-on projects, students will develop a comprehensive understanding of e-commerce principles, strategies, and their practical implications for businesses.
5687 Information Security Management 3 This competency area is concerned with practices associated with assuring secure business operations in the context of adversaries. Assuring secure operations involves the creation, operation, defense, analysis, and testing of secure computer systems. Hence secure computing is an interdisciplinary area including aspects of computing, law, policy, human factors, ethics, and risk management. The proposed competencies cover these areas, but with an IS discipline lens. This includes data security, software security, human security, societal security, and organization security.
5728 New Trends Information System 3 Examines emerging technologies and explores their impact on business and societal issues through both a business and theoretical lens. Identifies and evaluates a range of technologies based on a range of business requirements that have a variety of ethical, environmental, and sustainability perspectives. Practically applies these technologies to enable suitable business opportunities.
8093 Mobile Applications 3 Understand the features and upcoming trends of the common mobile platforms to develop a mobile application that uses a web services backend to synchronize and centrally store user data. Topics include but are not limited to human interface guidelines for mobile development, tools required for mobile application development, and different mobile platforms.
8099 Customer Relationship Management Systems 3 This course will highlight the main principles behind customer relationship management from a marketing perception, and builds on that to explore and examine the development of CRM systems from an IS perception. Students will be exposed to the various alternatives of implementing CRM systems at organizations; be it in-house development, off-the shelf, or over the cloud services. The importance of data mining and AI methods and techniques will be highlighted within the CRM context. Students will have practical sessions to apply the theoretical concepts learned.
8100 Supply Chain Management Systems 3 The course is intended to help students understand the various elements involved in creating and maintaining a supply chain and demonstrate how decisions made in the supply chain can result in improved performance. The course helps students gain a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental aspects of supply chain management, including the different stages of the supply chain, the importance of sourcing, the need to manage inventory, and the role of SCMS in streamlining the supply chain, and how to use analytics to make sound supply chain decisions. The course also covers key strategic topics such as supply chain design, sourcing, procurement, logistics, and operations management. Students will gain practical, hands-on experience with analytics, tools, and frameworks to enable them to develop, implement and manage successful supply chain strategies.
8253 Enterprise Resources Systems 3 This course introduces the enterprise systems and show how organizations use enterprise systems to run their operations more efficiently and effectively. You will learn about the critical success factors and implementation strategies that lead to enterprise system success, and about the informational, knowledge, and decision-making opportunities afforded by enterprise systems. The course will examine typical Enterprise Systems modules: materials management (MM), supply chain management (SCM), customer relationship management (CRM), financials, projects and human resource management (HRM). Enterprise systems use a single database to integrate business transactions along and between processes, leading to benefits such as efficient and error-free workflows plus accounting, management reporting and improved decision-making.
8760 Digital Innovation 3 Digital Innovation area focuses on competences needed in the deployment of information technologies to innovate and transform organizational processes and value offerings (products and services). To participate in such innovation processes, graduates need competences related to how digital innovations are being created, distributed, and commercialized. This requires understanding of both theoretical and practical aspects of emerging and existing digital innovation, their potential impact, disruption, and transformation on business and society. It is advised that for building such competences, practical hands-on application and theoretical business modeling is used. The practical implications of digital innovation and entrepreneurship focus on the practices for digital innovation creation, distribution, and commercialization as well as the necessary digital strategies for management.
8761 NoSQL 3 This course provides an introduction to NoSQL databases, including their features and characteristics. It covers different types of NoSQL databases, such as document-oriented, graph, and key-value stores, and their respective use cases. Students will learn how to design and model data for NoSQL databases and how to implement database queries using different query languages. Additionally, students will gain practical experience by working with various NoSQL databases and designing a complete database solution.
8762 Knowledge Management Systems 3 Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) course provides a detailed insight into contemporary knowledge management systems (KMS). It explains the concepts, theories, and technologies that provide the foundation for KM; the systems and structures that constitute KM solutions, and the processes for developing, deploying, and evaluating these KM solutions.
8763 Big Data Concepts & Technologies 3 The course aims at enhancing student’s understanding and appreciation of big data and analytics, and to equip students with the appropriate knowledge needed to decide on, use BD tools and technologies. It discusses big data and analytics in general, covering topics such as Big Data concepts and planning, storage, processing, analysis concepts and technologies, Big Data analytics life cycle. In addition to Analytics theory and methods such as: Clustering, Classification, association rules, regression, time series, text analysis and analytics technologies and tools. Also, it explores the main technologies used within the big data context, such as Hadoop, MapReduce, NoSQL DB, etc. Students will have hands-on sessions.
8764 Information Systems Quality 3 This course builds on information systems principles and system analysis & design. As the importance of high quality information systems is increasingly noticeable, it is important for students to acquire advanced knowledge on the quality of such systems. The course aims at encouraging students to equip themselves with the necessary knowledge, tools and techniques needed to develop and/ or evaluate information systems, with emphasis on quality attributes and quality assurance techniques, within the context of the software developed, and relate that to its environment and to other development issues and techniques.
8765 Data Mining for Business 3 This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of data mining for business applications. Students will learn the fundamentals of data mining, including data preprocessing, association rule mining, classification and prediction, clustering, and outlier detection. The course emphasizes the practical application of data mining techniques to real-world business problems, and students will be exposed to a variety of case studies and business applications. Topics covered include data preprocessing techniques such as data cleaning, integration, and reduction. Students will also learn how to evaluate the performance of data mining algorithms, and how to use visualization tools to communicate the results of their analyses. Throughout the course, students will use popular data mining software tools to gain hands-on experience in applying the techniques learned in class. By the end of the course, students will have a solid foundation in data mining techniques and their practical applications in the business world
8766 E-Government 3 This course is intended to familiarize students with the issues associated with the role of information systems in governmental agencies. The course includes the basic concepts of e-government, e-government business model, e-government services, e-government strategy concepts, implementing and maintaining e-government systems, as well as case study examples from different e-government applications around the world.
8767 Healthcare Systems 3 This course provides an overview of health information management technology. Emphasis is placed on health information data structure, health record content, governance, access, use, disclosure, privacy, ethical and legal issues, and security of health information. Management and standards for the exchange of health informatics concepts are explored. In addition, it covers health information systems and their design, implementation, and application in general and within the context of big data. emphasis is given on how to meet departmental needs and inter-organizational exchange of health information.
8768 E-Banking 3 This course is intended to familiarize students with the various digital products in the Banking Sector and different Payment Systems. The course includes electronic banking, e-Banking channels, automatic teller machine, internet banking, national electronic fund transfer (NEFT), mobile banking, IFSC number, security features SFMS, as well as case study examples from different e-banking applications.
8769 Human Resources Management Systems 3 This course provides an introduction to Human Resources Management Systems (HRMS) and their use in modern organizations. Students will learn how HRMS are used to manage and optimize human resources functions such as recruitment, selection, training and development, performance management, compensation and benefits, and employee relations. The course will cover the features and functionalities of HRMS, including employee databases, self-service portals, workflow automation, analytics and reporting, and compliance management. Students will also gain an understanding of the implementation and deployment of HRMS, including project management, change management, and user adoption strategies. The course will also explore the ethical and legal issues related to HRMS, including data privacy, security, and compliance with employment laws and regulations
8770 Accounting Information Systems 3 This academic course provides an in-depth study of accounting information systems and their role in modern organizations. Students will explore the design, implementation, and management of accounting information systems, with a focus on their integration with financial processes and decision-making. The course covers topics such as transaction processing, internal control systems, database management, system analysis and design, enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, and emerging technologies in accounting information systems. Students will develop practical skills in using accounting software and gain an understanding of the ethical and security considerations related to accounting information systems. Through case studies, discussions, and hands-on projects, students will learn how accounting information systems contribute to the effective management and reporting of financial information.
8771 Marketing Information Systems 3 This academic course explores the role of marketing information systems (MIS) in supporting marketing decision-making and strategic planning. Students will examine the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to gain insights into customer behavior, market trends, and competitive dynamics. The course teaches about acquiring data, managing databases, research methods for markets, customer relationship management systems, marketing analytics, and how to integrate MIS with marketing strategies.Students will learn how to utilize various tools and technologies to gather and analyze marketing data, generate reports, and make informed marketing decisions. Ethical considerations related to data privacy, security, and the responsible use of customer information will also be addressed. In this course, students will learn how to use marketing information systems to improve marketing performance and reach business objectives by working on practical exercises, case studies, and group discussions.
8775 Data visualization 3 The goal of information visualization is the unveiling of the underlying structure of large or abstract data sets using visual representations that utilize the powerful processing capabilities of the human visual perceptual system. The Data and Information Visualization competency area contains competencies pertaining to computational approaches for gaining insight via visualizations. Competencies in this area emphasize the fundamentals of statistical exploration of data, fitting models to produce specialized graphs to support the exploration of data in a detailed and statistics-oriented manner, and the use of data visualization tools such as Excel, Python, R, and Tableau.